Because of various colonial masters in the area, religious traditions from many European countries existed in the area. The colony also became a major producer of pig iron and its products, including the Pennsylvania long rifle and the Conestoga wagon. Admitted to the Dutch Reformed Church and married by its ministers, their children could be baptized. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); The Middle Colonies later became the states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Quakers rejected the idea of worldly rank, believing instead in a new and radical form of social equality. In New York’s Hudson Valley, however, the Dutch poltroons operated very large landed estates and rented land to tenant farmers. Examine the religious and social factors that shaped the establishment of the Pennsylvania and Delaware colony. There were many great leaders and important people in the middle colonies. The Treaty of Penn with the Indians: Benjamin West’s painting (in 1771) of William Penn’s 1682 treaty with the Lenni Lenape. Among the first settlers were the Mennonites, who founded Germantown in 1683, and the Amish, who established the Northkill Amish Settlement in 1740. Constant poverty in Scotland caused a large migration in the middle of the 18th century. True or false. Under his guidance, Philadelphia became a fabulous city, with broad, tree-shaded streets, stone and brick houses, and a bustling port. These immigrants traveled to all of the colonies, but the Middle Colonies attracted the most and continued to be more ethnically diverse than the other colonies. This policy meant that the Iroquois continued to live in their own villages under their own government while enjoying the benefits of trade with both the French and the English. Unlike New England, the Middle Colonies had richer, less rocky soil, allowing the area to become a major exporter of wheat and other grains. Munsee inhabited the Highlands, Hudson Valley, and northern New Jersey, while Minquas, also known as the Susquehannocks, lived west of the Zuyd River along and beyond the Susquehanna River. The Penn family was Quaker, and the Pennsylvania colony became a favorite destination for that group as well as German Lutherans, German Reformed, and numerous small sects such as Mennonites, Amish, and Moravians, as well as Scotch Irish Presbyterians. They were noted for tight-knit religious communities, which were often Lutheran. In 1664, he granted the land to his brother, the Duke of York, before officially owning it. Over the next few decades, wars with the American Indians erupted, as well as conflicts with the English. Its large exports led to its constituent colonies becoming known as the Bread Basket Colonies. The middle colonies were originally settled by the Dutch, however the English saw the Dutch as a threat so they drove the Dutch out. The governors of New York then ruled New Jersey, which infuriated the settlers of New Jersey, who accused the governor of showing favoritism to New York. He decided to administer his government through governors, councils, and other officers appointed by him. William Penn founded the Pennsylvania Colony in 1681 and brought over Quaker dissidents from England, Wales, the Netherlands, and France. The Duke of York and the King of England would later grant to others land which became the Provinces of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. In 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–1674), the Dutch recaptured the colony; however, at the end of the conflict, the English had regained control. New Jersey and Delaware had a majority British population as well, with 7–11% German-descended colonists, about a 6% African population, and a small contingent of Swedish descendants. The border between the two sections reached the Atlantic Ocean to the north of Atlantic City. Describe the culture that developed in the New Netherland region and identify the events that lead to the establishment of the New York colony. This diversity started at the early years of the colonies. 1168 : hs/us vol.2 : colony: 1780: 1770: 1760: 1750 The Irish came to the early colonies because of potato famine. The documents used by the researchers include reports by Colonial officials to an administrative group in London called the Lords Commissioners of Trade and Plantations, censuses conducted in individual Colonies, militia records, tax liens and estimates by Colonial officials themselves. American colonies, the 13 British colonies that were established during the 17th and early 18th centuries in the area that is now a part of the eastern United States. A lot of the success of Pennsylvania and Delaware is owed to William Penn. The religion of the Middle Colonies, as one would expect, was diverse. Delaware continued to be a melting pot of sorts and was home to Swedes, Finns, Dutch, and French, in addition to the English, who constituted the dominant culture. The most populous of the Middle colonies was Pennsylvania, other colonies were settled rather haphazardly over the course of … As they did in other zones of colonization, indigenous peoples played a key role in shaping the history of colonial New York. Pennsylvania became a leading exporter of wheat, corn, rye, hemp, and flax, making it the leading food producer in North America from 1725 to 1840. The Lenape tribe fought for the next 19 years to have the treaty annulled but was forced into the Shamokin and Wyoming Valleys, which were already overcrowded with other displaced tribes. The colonial administrators claimed that they had a deed dating to the 1680s, in which the Lenape-Delaware had promised to sell a portion of land beginning between the junction of the Delaware River and Lehigh River, near present Wrightstown, Pennsylvania. Unlike in the New England Colonies, many different religious groups lived in the Middle colonies. As a consequence, early settlements of Germans from many different sects concentrated in the Middle Colonies. The 1610-1780 numbers, except for 1776, are estimates from the “Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970,” issued by the Census Bureau, which cites as its main sources archival research and the statistical work of various scholars. Although enslaved, the Africans had a few basic rights and families were usually kept intact. New Netherland was the territory on the eastern coast of North America established by Henry Hudson in 1609. In 1609, Henry Hudson, an English explorer, was hired by the Flemish Protestants running the Dutch East India Company in Amsterdam to find a northeast passage to Asia. Indentured servitude was especially common in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York in the 18th century, though fewer worked in agriculture. When the colony fell to the British, the Company freed all of its slaves, establishing early on a nucleus of free Africans in the Northeast. He attempted to merge the governments of Pennsylvania and Delaware. When a powerful English military unit appeared in New Amsterdam, Governor Stuyvesant was forced to surrender and New Netherland became New York. Located in the middle of the Atlantic seaboard, their economies combined the industry of the North with the agriculture of the South. Towns in these colonies often had more than one kind of church. They consisted of the future states of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware and sometimes Maryland.Today these areas are described as the Mid-Atlantic States.The middle colonies were the most ethnically and religously diverse of the 13 original colonies because they were also the most tolerant. Seeking to enter the fur trade, the Dutch cultivated close relations with the Five Nations of the Iroquois. When the colony fell, the company freed all its slaves, establishing early on a nucleus of free blacks. The Middle Colonies included New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Ex. In 1665, the Concession and Agreement was written to entice settlers to New Jersey. In 1664 Colonel Richard Nicolls lead a fleet of English ships into the port of New Jersey, where Fort Amsterdam was, the English fleet took control of the fort and its surrounding area, giving the control of these lands to the country of England. Slaves could testify in court, sign legal documents, and bring civil actions against whites. In 1738, King George II appointed a separate governor for New Jersey. From 1682 until 1776, it was part of the Penn proprietorship and was known as the Lower Counties. This could not be said of the middle colonies. Indentured servitude was especially common in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York in the 18th century, though few such servants worked in agriculture. A Presbyterian may be only a block away from a Quaker meeting house. The Dutch West India Company introduced slavery to New Netherland in 1625. The Middle Colonies were more cosmopolitan and tolerant than the New England colonies. Increasing encroachment by European settlers led to the early stages of violent conflict. Penn wrote the Frame of Government of Pennsylvania, which called for religious tolerance towards many, including local American Indians and the Religious Society of Friends. The Dutch colony of New Netherland was taken by the British in the 17th century and later became the colonies of New York and New Jersey. Delawareans would meet in New Castle and Pennsylvanians would gather in Philadelphia. Correct? Under his guidance, Pennsylvania functioned smoothly and grew rapidly. The “Holy Experiment” was an attempt by the Religious Society of Friends to establish a community in Pennsylvania. The Middle Colonies tended to mix aspects of the New England and Southern Colonies. Collectively called River Indians by the Dutch, they were also known as the Wecquaesgeek, Hackensack, Raritan, Canarsee, and the Tappan. The Middle colonies consisted of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and Delaware. William named the capital of his colony as Philadelphia. Society in the middle colonies was far more varied, cosmopolitan and tolerant than in New England. It wasn’t until 1683, almost 20 years after the English took control of the colony, that colonists were able to convene a local representative legislature. Quakers were the primary settlers of Pennsylvania. King Charles II granted the land for the Pennsylvania Colony to William Penn in 1681 as payment for a debt the crown owed his family. One great leader is Peter Stuyversant. While the majority of residents lived in towns with individual landholdings of 100 acres, a few rich proprietors owned vast estates. By 1780, about 17% of the population in New York were descendants of Dutch settlers; the rest were mostly English with a wide mixture of other Europeans and about 6% Africans. The Dutch maintained control of Delaware until 1664, when it was renamed New Castle after the Duke of York. In New York's Hudson Valley, however, the Dutch patroons operated very large landed estates and rented land to tenant farmers. The assembly’s 1683 Charter of Liberties and Privileges set out the traditional rights of Englishmen, like the right to trial by jury and the right to representative government. For two centuries, New Netherland Dutch culture characterized the region, and their concepts of civil liberties and pluralism introduced in the province became mainstays of American political and social life. After Charles II came to the throne, the English became very interested in the Dutch holdings. The Mason-Dixon line is said to have legally resolved vague outlines between Maryland and Pennsylvania and awarded Delaware to Pennsylvania. In the 1660s, the English largely conquered this land, renaming the area New York after the Duke of York, James II. Despite Quaker opposition to slavery, by 1730 colonists had brought about 4,000 slaves into Pennsylvania; however, this was still a relatively low number compared to other American colonies. –“Breadbasket” of the Colonies, trade in foodstuffs, including the Triangle Trade •Demographics –1700: Twice as many people lived in New England than the Middle Colonies –1770: Population of the regions roughly equal –Immigrants—By 1800, 30% of Pennsylvanians and only 50% of the Middle Colonies were of English descent The two proprietors of New Jersey attempted to augment their colony’s population by granting sections of lands to settlers and by passing a document granting religious freedom to all inhabitants of New Jersey. European ethnic groups as manifold as English, Swedes, Dutch, Germans, Scots-Irish and French lived in closer proximity than in any location on continental Europe. After one of the proprietors sold part of the area to the Quakers, New Jersey was divided into East Jersey and West Jersey—two distinct provinces of the proprietary colony. Upon visiting the colony in 1669 and 1701, Penn eventually agreed to allow their Charter of Privileges to be added to the constitution. They later on renamed the colony the Dutch had settled in New York. Indentured servitude was especially common in the Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York in the 18th century, though fewer worked in agriculture. The Middle colonies benefited from having a very diverse geography, which lent itself to more economic opportunity than the other colonies. In 1704, Dutch land given to Penn by the Duke of York was separated and once again became part of the Delaware Colony. It encompassed parts of the later states of New Jersey, Delaware, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island. Henry Hudson explored the Middle Colonies on a journey into the Hudson River and Delaware Bay in 1609. The Birth of Pennsylvania, 1680: William Penn, holding paper, standing and facing King Charles II, in the King’s breakfast chamber at Whitehall. September 17, 2013. To learn more about the history of this period, have a look at the following books: The Thirteen Colonies; The History of the Thirteen Colonies of North America 1497-1763; A … For example, in New York, any foreigner professing Christianity was awarded citizenship, which made for a diverse (albeit largely Christian) populace. The Dutch West India Company had introduced slavery in 1625. The Pennsylvania Gradual Abolition Act of 1780 was the first attempt to abolish slavery in the colonies. These colonies were created to be more tolerant to various religious beliefs, and the population grew to include a variety of backgrounds such as Italian, Germans, Dutch, French, Danes, Swedish, Norwegians, Poles, and Portuguese. Middle Colonies: The Middle Colonies was comprised of Delaware, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania. During the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1664–1667), English forces gained control of the Dutch fur trading colony of New Netherland, and in 1664, Charles II gave this colony (including present-day New Jersey) to his brother James, Duke of York (later James II). The Middle Colonies were more ethnically diverse than elsewhere in British North America and were somewhat more socially tolerant. In an early attempt to encourage European settlement, the New Jersey legislature enacted a prohibitive tariff against imported slaves and in favor of European indentured servitude. Population in 1700: Estimated population in the Colonies as of the year 1700. How were people in the middle colonies different from those in the New England and southern colonies? The Middle Colonies were the most ethnically and religiously diverse of the British colonies in North America, with settlers coming from all parts of Europe and a high degree of religious tolerance. English Quakers and Anglicans owned large landholdings. Chartered in 1614, New Amsterdam was a colonial province of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. Most of the early settlers depended on the fur trade and on farming for economic survival. Delaware, however, would eventually prove too independent, leading to the ultimate separation from Pennsylvania and unique pioneer status as America’s first state, tied to neither province’s destiny. German immigration greatly increased around 1717, and many immigrants began coming from the Rhineland in western Germany. Until the French and Indian War, Pennsylvania had no militia, few taxes, and no public debt. Much of the area captured by the British from the Dutch in 1664 became the Province of New York. Unlike Plymouth, Jamestown, and other colonies, New Jersey was populated by a secondary wave of immigrants who came from other colonies instead of those who migrated directly from Europe. In 1776, Great Britain's population was roughly three times the size of the Colonies. The Algonquian Lenape people along the Lower Hudson were seasonally migrational. In 1737, the Colony spent a great deal of its political goodwill with the native Lenape in pursuit of more land. Jack E. Maxfield, America: A.D. 1601 to 1700. Landholdings were generally farms of 40 to 160 acres (16–65 hectares), owned by the family that worked it. The Quakers had previously treated American Indians with respect, bought land from them voluntarily, and even had representation of American Indians on juries. These tribes included the Mohawk, Mahican, Algonquian Lenape, Wecquaesgeek, Hackensack, Raritan, Canarsee, and Tappan. In return for land, settlers paid annual fees known as quitrents. Penn had a hard time governing Delaware because the economy and geology were largely the same as that of the Chesapeake, rather than that of his Pennsylvania territory. The Pennsylvania Gradual Abolition Act of 1780 was the first attempt to abolish slavery in the colonies and what would become the United States. The Dutch in New York chafed under English rule. Charles II of England set his sights on the Dutch colony of New Netherland. The English takeover of New Netherland originated in the imperial rivalry between the Dutch and the English. The Middle Colonies included Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey. The mid-A… In the end, the Penns gained 1,200,000 acres of land in what is now northeastern Pennsylvania, an area roughly equivalent to the size of the state of Rhode Island. Quakers, Mennonites, Lutherans, Dutch Calvinists, and Presbyterians were all represented, which made it impossible for one religion to dominate and gave a greater freedom of religion than any of the New England Colonies, with exception to Rhode Island. The Dutch, through their trade of manufactured goods with the Iroquois and Algonquians, presumed they had exclusive rights to farming, hunting, and fishing in the region. The land comprising Delaware was first controlled by the Swedish, then the Dutch, and finally the British in Pennsylvania. James II later granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had been loyal to him through the English Civil War. Soon after the English had gained control of New Netherland, James granted the land between the Hudson and Delaware rivers to two friends who had been loyal to him through the English Civil War and named it New Jersey after the English Channel Island of Jersey. The American Indians, while willing to share the land with the Europeans, did not expect or intend to leave or give up access, however. Much of the territory was quickly divided after 1675, leading to the distribution of land into large tracts that later led to real estate speculation and subdivision. New Netherland was originally settled by Henry Hudson in 1609, chartered in 1614, and made a province of the Dutch Republic in 1624. 1. In 1702, Queen Anne united West and East Jersey into one Royal Colony—the Province of New Jersey. Delaware changed hands between the Dutch and Swedes between 1631 and 1655. The Duke of York never visited his colony, named New York in his honor, and exercised little direct control over it. The 1790 number is the official count in the first national census undertaken by the federal government under provisions of the Constitution of 1787. The original report on the 1790 census listed the country’s population as 3,929,326, but math errors showed 114 more people in Vermont than the correct count and two fewer people in Delaware than the correct count. Their speech reflected this belief in that they addressed all others as equals, using “thee” and “thou” rather than terms like “your lordship” or “my lady” that were customary for privileged individuals of the hereditary elite. Despite Quaker opposition to slavery, by 1730, colonists had brought about 4,000 slaves into Pennsylvania. Penn received the charter for Pennsylvania from Charles II and brought over Quaker dissidents from England, Wales, the Netherlands, and France. The original inhabitants of the area included the Hackensack, Tappan, and Acquackanonk tribes in the northeast, and the Raritan and Navesink tribes in the center of the state. Other groups included the Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Swiss, Scots Highlanders, and Huguenots. The colony and city were renamed New York in his honor. Nowhere was that diversity more evident in pre-Revolutionary America than in the middle colonies of Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. In 1776, during the American Revolution, the Middle Colonies became independent of Britain as the states of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, and Delaware. The Lenape and Susquehanna occupied the land prior to colonization. George Fox had founded the Society of Friends (commonly known as Quakers) in England in the late 1640s, having grown dissatisfied with Puritanism and the idea of predestination. The Delaware Colony later separated from Pennsylvania. William Penn had asked for and later received the lands of Delaware from the Duke of York. The Middle Colonies accommodated a diverse mix of religions that included Quakers, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Amish, Congregationalists and Jews. The Middle Colonies were more diverse than colonies in New England and the South. They were erroneously labeled the Pennsylvania Dutch and comprised one-third of the population by the time of the American Revolution. For the capital they chose the island of Manhattan, located at the mouth of the river explored by Hudson, which at that time was called the North River. Virginia, Massachusetts, Maryland, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, the Carolinas and Georgia were all founded by Englishmen, settled by people of English descent and remained under English control throughout the colonial period. Subtracting 114 and adding two equals 3,929,214. After decades of war in the 1600s, the powerful Five Nations of the Iroquois, composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca, successfully pursued a policy of neutrality with both the English and, to the north, the French in Canada during the first half of the 1700s. The Middle Colonies were a part of the former Thirteen Colonies of the 18th century. The Middle Colonies became known as … Since the area’s settlement, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic and religious diversity. A deputy of the Duke governed Delaware from 1664 to 1682. Compare the culture of the Middle Colonies with that of other English colonies. From 1701 to 1765, colonists skirmished in the New York-New Jersey Line War over disputed colonial boundaries. A very important man is William Penn. The English continued the Dutch patroonship system, granting large estates to a favored few families. This land grant became the Province of New Jersey. When the colony fell to the British, the Company freed all of its slaves, establishing early on a nucleus of free Africans in the Northeast. The Dutch soon claimed the land, and although the Swedes and the Dutch fought over the land in the 1630s, the Dutch ultimately claimed the land as New Netherland. Landholdings were generally farms of 40 to 160 acres, owned by the family that worked them. D: The population in the middle colonies was more diverse. Community in Pennsylvania rifle and the Southern Colonies religious freedom to all.! 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