Poorer fuel performance. We build and run wind farms across the UK, and we run a large fleet of low carbon nuclear power stations and a smaller fleet of coal and gas stations. The baffle material properties are such that any initial defect escaping inspection during manufacture will not grow to critical size during reactor life or before it is detected (unless shown to be inconsequential). ORNL Core Conduction Cooldown Test Facility • Built previously for TRISO particle heating tests and The graphite brick and key geometry is optimized to give the best possible component and interconnecting strength, which is derived from tests conducted on slices of graphite bricks. Magnox reactors were also graphite moderated and CO 2 cooled, used natural uranium fuel in metal form, and water as secondary coolant. These methods are applied to each of the reactors when they are shut down for routine outages. Control of reactor operation within limits predicted to be acceptable to the fuel. SAFETY & COMPLIANCE Our uncompromising focus on safety. Hunterston B nuclear power station is a nuclear power station in North Ayrshire, Scotland.It is located about 6 miles (9 km) south of Largs and about 2.5 miles (4 km) north-west of West Kilbride on the Firth of Clyde coast. The last operating Magnox reactor ceased operation at the end of 2015, but the UK's fleet of AGRs will continue to account for between 10-15% of the UK electricity supply for a number of years to come. Tests are also conducted to determine the ultimate capacity of restrain system components. Since the Yongbyon reactor is a Magnox type GCR, the operating principle is the same, but the electrical power is different, so there is a difference in the amount of nuclear fuel to be loaded and so is the moderator. EDF Energy currently owns and operates 8 nuclear power plants in the UK. We plan to operate the reactor for six months before carrying out further inspections and, subject to regulatory approval, a … In a typical AGR system the reactor core, boilers and gas circulators are housed in a single pre-stressed concrete cavity known as the pressure vessel. It would be possible simply to use the 'best' model, but it is better to work with several models that are consistent with the data but which may give different forecasts of future core behaviour, enabling uncertainties to be quantified. This is called keyway root-cracking which arises in the graphite moderator cores of the reactors. Pin failure during reactor operation. Provision of adequate cooling under normal and fault conditions. ... breaches of safety procedures, which led to the steam explosion at Chernobyl in 1986. As such that are a number of safety related objectives pursued at the design stage of the reactor together with measures to secure them. The main problem is a serious generic fault in AGR reactors. A method to assess the performance of AGR vented containment systems S. J. GrahamPerformance Analyst , G. HulmeSenior Performance Analyst , and R. P. HornbyGroup Head NNC Ltd 240 245 Introduction Discussion Acknowledgements To show that a dropped assembly incident would not lead to a situation where radiological targets set in AGR Design Safety Guidelines would be exceeded, the … Potential failure modes mostly relate to overloading or deterioration of the tensioning system or severe local stressing due to thermal effects. FuelThe fuel constitutes the principal source of radioactivity in the reactor and as such presents the main potential hazard of radioactivity. The reactor core is a sixteen sided stack of interconnected graphite bricks maintained in position by a steel restraint structure surrounding the core, and is supported by a system of steel plates known as the diagrid. Running When they are partially raised, the neutrons become free to cause `fission’ in the uranium atoms and release more neutrons. The main safety features of most reactors are inherent – negative temperature coefficient and negative void coefficient. “We seismically assess each of the UK’s AGR reactor cores. Design Safeguards Radioactive contamination of the gas circuit due to spalled oxide. The structures mentioned above are key components to the reactor coolant circuit, the purpose being to determine the flow path of the coolant through the moderator and fuel channels. AGR Fuel Irradiation Performance German fuel has historically demonstrated ~1,000 times better performance than U.S. fuel. Poorer fuel performance. Reactor Core Design Features and Safety Provisions The design of the reactor core complies with the general geometrical and physical requirements of the core as a moderator and a structure. Provision of an environment compatible with coolant corrosion, deposition, flow-induced vibration and acoustic fields. This type of reactor is operational only in Great Britain. Plot of Kr-85m release -to-birth ratio for various fuel types. Each station employs twin reactors. It has got a huge safety margin before we are anywhere near a cliff edge." Data on the other 6 stations are given only … Continuing design development of fuel components. This includes a 1 in 10,000 year earthquake, larger than the UK as ever experienced. The growth rate of possible defects will be low and observable by in-service inspection by remote TV cameras. The Reactor At the heart of the reactor is a graphite core called the moderator. Currently six of these 12 AGR reactors are turned off – out of service for maintenance or safety checks. Other custom tools developed for EDF Energy include ASPECT, used to visualise and interpret information collected from eddy current scanning of the graphite core, and LoTAS, a web-based application used for managing and analysing data recorded as fuel is moved in the reactor. These cores consist of about 3,100 graphite barrels stacked ~10 m high by ~10 m wide and ~10 m long. Supporting Reactor Inspections with Data Visualisation. Credible failures must not cause movement of the circulator casings that are connected to the baffle skirt. generation of AGR type of reactor with improved safety features. Table 3: Failure modes and design safeguards of the diagrid, gas baffle and restraint tank. The graphite brick and key geometry is optimized to give the best possible component and interconnecting strength, which is derived from tests conducted on slices of graphite bricks. Statistical modelling methods are also used to model the evolution of graphite properties including weight loss. AGR-1: Low stress levels and in-service inspection facilities ensure that defects in weld or parent metal will not grow undetected during reactor life to critical lengths. Poorer fuel performance. Credible failures of weld or parent material must not exceed sub-critical defects. The models employed are based on physical understanding of the key processes taking place and have been shown to have good predictive power by comparing model predictions made before samples are taken from the reactor with measurements made at inspection outages. These various reactor types will now be described, together with current failure or a need to shut the reactor down, gravity makes these rods drop fully into the core, shutting down the reactor. The Torness AGR plant on the Lothian coastline of Scotland, 60 km east of Edinburgh, has been chosen as the reference plant and is described in some detail. Over the past 15 years, Quintessa has carried out research and development in support of EDF Energy (and formerly British Energy) for the continued safe operation of Advanced Gas Cooled Reactors (AGRs). Two of them, at Dungeness B on the southeast coast of England, have been undergoing repairs since 2018—this time because of corrosion of vital pipework—although cracks in the graphite blocks are also a safety issue here. 2. Advanced statistical methods have been used to enable the safe period of reactor operation to be calculated on the basis of the history of brick defects observed to date, and to determine the optimum future inspection strategy. Two of them, at Dungeness B on the south-east coast of England, have been undergoing repairs since 2018 – this time because of corrosion of vital pipework – although cracks in the graphite blocks are also a safety issue here too. The fundamental nuclear safety requirements of the AGR cores are to allow unimpeded movement of control rods and fuel, and to secure adequate cooling of the fuel and core structure, both in normal and fault /hazard conditions. The integrity of the restraint cylinder connections to the core restraint system and the gas baffle will ensure that significant disturbance of the fuel and control rod channel alignment will not occur. - There are seven AGR Stations with 14 reactors • The early AGRs have had significant safety upgrades to meet modern standards - But even the Sizewell B basic (USA) design had to be upgraded to meet modern UK standards The AGR is a higher temperature reactor than the PWR with higher thermal efficiency The baffle material properties are such that any initial defect escaping inspection during manufacture will not grow to critical size during reactor life or before it is detected (unless shown to be inconsequential). generation of AGR type of reactor with improved safety features. Potential failure modes are listed in the table below, together with brief comments on the design and operational features provided to afford protection against them. Design development of lifting, supporting and handling components and the development of handling techniques. Physical Integrity of AGR Graphite Cores. Better fuel performance. The design is such as to make instability failures, for example, weld buckling, impossible. Component Credible failures must not cause disruption of the boilers (which the baffle supports). Under the NDA strategy for oxide fuels, up to 5500tU of AGR fuels and of the order of 100tU These assessments are used by EDF as evidence in their safety cases, demonstrating that the control rods can always be used to shut down and hold down a reactor, even during a one-in-10,000-year earthquake. Within the interconnecting restraint beams connections between adjacent restraint beams provide a high degree of redundancy in the restraint system. As such that are a number of safety related objectives pursued at the design stage of the reactor together with measures to secure them. A further reactor type, the so-called fast reactor, has been developed to full-scale demonstration stage. As such, they pose unique challenges to the operator, EDF Energy and to us as the regulator. The CoreStats code is designed to complement process-based approaches by focussing on what information on future behaviour can be obtained from historical data. Safety tests were conducted on fourteen fuel compacts from AGR-1, the first irradiation experiment of the Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) Fuel Development and Qualification program, at temperatures ranging from 1600 to 1800°C to determine fission product release at temperatures that bound reactor … Safety tests were conducted on fourteen fuel compacts from AGR-1, the first irradiation experiment of the Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) Fuel Development and Qualification program, at temperatures ranging from 1600 to 1800°C to determine fission product release at temperatures that bound reactor … When the reaction becomes self-sustaining, the reactor is said to be ‘critical’. Provision of adequate cooling under normal and fault conditions. Today, in-reactor AGR TRISO fuel performance is as good as German fuel at twice the burnup. These are the second generation of British gas-cooled reactors, using graphite as the neutron moderator and carbon dioxide as coolant. The AGR was developed from the Magnox reactor. ; As the reactors age some of the graphite is oxidised, resulting in increased porosity and lower density. Quintessa provides support in a number of key areas associated with the evolution of the reactor cores as they age, and predictions of the evolution of graphite properties with time. The Boilers LoTAS: Load Trace Analysis Software developed for EDF Energy, Quintessa Supports EDF Energy in Nuclear Reactor Safety, Quintessa becomes a COMSOL Certified Consultant, Quintessa Supports EDF Energy Safety Assessments, Portfolio Selection Tool for AGR Channel Inspections. AGR-2. - There are seven AGR Stations with 14 reactors • The early AGRs have had significant safety upgrades to meet modern standards - But even the Sizewell B basic (USA) design had to be upgraded to meet modern UK standards The AGR is a higher temperature reactor than the PWR with higher thermal efficiency Within its operational safety cases EDF Energy sets safety limits on weight-loss and cracking for each reactor core based on extensive research and regular surveillance and analysis of the graphite behaviour. They have been the backbone of the UK's nuclear generation fleet since the 1980s. 20 Jan 2010. Incorporation of central hoists inertial collectors to collect active dust. Currently, six of these 12 AGR reactors are turned off, out of service for maintenance or safety checks. CHANSELA is able to suggest the combination of channels that will provide the most useful information subject to user-specified constraints, and to compare this with user-defined selections. Diagrid The restarts of three advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR) units at EDF's Dungeness B and Hunterston B nuclear power plants in the UK have been postponed. The thick bioshield above the reactor vessel and the design of the control ... • System used for AGR -1 safety testing campaign; AGR -2 and AGR -3/4 safety tests in progress . Currently, 14 AGR's are in operation at 6 different sites. Provision of an environment compatible with coolant corrosion, deposition, flow-induced vibration and acoustic fields. Portfolio Selection Tool for AGR Channel Inspections. Measurements of the channel gas outlet temperature, fission product level in the coolant and coolant composition are used to assess and, if necessary, to control stringer performance and integrity. Like with Hunterston, it also appears prudent for public safety reasons to consider the early closure of the Hinkley Point B site given a similar age and an increasing level of keyway route cracks in the graphite bricks. ABOUT AGR Local experts, global supply We bring quality, reliability and experience to Sodium Cyanide manufacture and supply. Design of a pin structure to withstand pressure differentials and temperature transients associated with credible reactor faults. AGR power station at Torness. Failure Modes and Design Safeguards HOW AGR CORE MODELLING SUPPORTS REACTOR SAFETY CASES Tom Bush 1 1 Senior Structural Analyst, AMEC Foster Wheeler, UK ABSTRACT EDF Energy can only operate an Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR) if the safety of operation is demonstrated by a safety case. The graphite irradiations in the High Flux Reactor (HFR) mimic and accelerate the aging mechanisms that take place in an AGR. Table 2: Failure modes and design safeguards of the pressure vessel. We value service, long-term relationships and contributing to the success of our customers with an uncompromising focus on people, safety and the environment. The structural redundancy of the diagrid ensures that significant disruption of the reactor core is not possible as a result of a credible growth of defects in structural welds or parent material. Provision of a compatible in-reactor fuel route geometry and gas flow conditions. Continued operation of Advanced Gas cooled Reactors. Failure modes and design safeguards of the diagrid, gas baffle and restraint tank. Data on the other 6 stations are given only … The sources of stresses on the reactor core have been identified as the following: There are significant safety provisions incorporated into the design of the reactor core to address the above stresses. Keyway clearances are kept to a minimum to prevent brick-to-brick jamming and to reduce cumulative core moments. Please turn on JavaScript and try again. HOW AGR CORE MODELLING SUPPORTS REACTOR SAFETY CASES Tom Bush 1 1 Senior Structural Analyst, AMEC Foster Wheeler, UK ABSTRACT EDF Energy can only operate an Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR) if the safety of operation is demonstrated by a safety case. As of 22 May 2010 , there are seven nuclear generating stations each with two operating AGRs in the United Kingdom, owned and operated by EDF Energy: The reasons for the development of this reactor type were part political (development of a domestic technology) and part technical, in particular the increased thermodynamic efficiency associated with the much higher coolant temperatures of the AGR … On current plans, 7 of those stations - the Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactor stations (AGRs) - … As well as moderation, the fun… Reactor Core Design Features and Safety Provisions. Reactor Core Inspections _ Channel Bore Measurement Unit (CBMU). Quintessa has developed a custom software tool, CHANSELA, which is used to visualise information on the reactor cores and to support decisions on which fuel channels should be inspected to support continued safe operation. An Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR) is a type of nuclear reactor designed and operated in the United Kingdom. Failure Modes The graphite core of the AGR design has the potential to be the life-limiting component. The graphite core of the AGR design has the potential to be the life-limiting component. This includes a 1 in 10,000 year earthquake, larger than the UK as ever experienced. Better fuel performance. Restraint Tank PIE of the AGR … A critical part of the AGR safety case is demonstrating the continued physical integrity of the graphite cores that are made up of a large number of bricks. Six types of reactor (Magnox, AGR, PWR, BWR, CANDU and RBMK) have emerged as the designs used to produce commercial electricity around the world. Pressure induced loads in graphite columns, keys and the restraint system; Instability loading generated by brick bowing resulting from irradiation induced distortion; Vibration loading, including seismic loading; Self weights and dropped channel components; Any other interacting loads from in-channel components; Transient loads arising from differential response to power changes or faults; Irradiation induced stresses in the graphite; Thermal stresses in restraint and support structures. Today, in-reactor AGR TRISO fuel performance is as good as German fuel at twice the burnup. Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactor (AGR) This is the type of reactor operated by British Energy and is unique to the UK. The graphite core of these reactors cannot be replaced and ageing mechanisms such as weight loss and cracking can change the mass, dimensions and material properties within the core. This safety case shows the reactor can operate and shutdown in all circumstances. In the event of a Warwick link failure, the loading applied to a beam can be transferred to its immediate neighbour without seriously affecting core behaviour. An Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR) is a type of nuclear reactor designed and operated in the United Kingdom. reactors such as AGR. AGR-1: Credible failures must not cause sufficient movement of the dome to prevent control rod entry. Inter-brick seals are provided to serve as features to provide alignment and concentricity between brick ends. With specific designs, each type of reactor also has particular operating characteristics. Provision of a compatible in-reactor fuel route geometry and gas flow conditions. Plot of Kr-85m release -to-birth ratio for various fuel types. The steam then powers turbines which, in turn, drive the electrical generators. AGR Fuel Irradiation Performance German fuel has historically demonstrated ~1,000 times better performance than U.S. fuel. The Yongbyon reactor, which refer to the Calder An advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR) is a British design of nuclear reactor.AGRs are using graphite as the neutron moderator and carbon dioxide as coolant. Post Irradiation Examination (PIE) of components. The presence of seals reduces the increase in coolant flow into an empty channel that normally occurs and this guards against flow starvation into neighboring channels. Quintessa Supports EDF Energy in Nuclear Reactor Safety. AGR Fuel Irradiation Performance German fuel has historically demonstrated ~1,000 times better performance than U.S. fuel. 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