Despite such results of various cadmium toxicities in animal studies, data from human studies are lacking and insufficient to support the cause-effect relationship. This study aimed to analyse the protective effects of quercetin on the toxicity of cadmium (Cd) using metabonomics techniques. Exposure to cadmium primarily occurs through the ingestion of contaminated food and water and, to a significant extent, through inhalation and cigarette smoking. Cadmium is also associated with hypercalciuria and nephrolithiasis. However, no attention has been paid so far to explore its renoprotective activity in animals and human beings, therefore the present paper reports protective effect of Spirulina platensis on cadmium induced renal toxicity in Wistar rats. As per the recommendation of the National Research Council of the United States (1980) the Cd content of forage crops should not be more than 0.5/zg g-~ in order to limit the concentration of Cd in the liver and kidney of animals feeding on these crops to protect humans against cadmium toxicity through concentration of these organs. Nephrotoxic effects of cadmium exposure are well established in humans and experimental animals. Cadmium is a heavy metal of considerable toxicity with destructive impact on most organ systems. 2, pp. Cadmium, represented with symbol Cd, is a heavy metal with a high toxicity. The toxicity of dissolved cadmium to a variety of marine animals has been found to be related to salinity, with decreased toxicity observed at higher salinities. 23, No. The research is not clear on whether chronic cadmium inhalation causes pulmonary toxicity. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal: Vol. It is, however, agreed upon that exposure causes lung cancer. Cadmium, chromium, and lead accumulation in aquatic plants and animals near a municipal landfill. (2017). [11] A. Cuypers, M. Plusq uin, T . An early manifestation of such toxicity is calciuria a few hours after injection of CdMT in rats. 2011, Article ID 457327 , 2011. heart of cadmium exposed animals [24]. The static renewal test method of acute lethal concentrations determination was … Pulmonary toxicity. Musculoskeletal toxicity Acute toxicity testing were carried out the freshwater swamp shrimp, Macrobrachium nipponense, as the model animal for the semiconductor applied metals (gallium, antimony, indium, cadmium, and copper) to evaluate if the species is an suitable experimental animal of pollution in aquatic ecosystem. in lead and cadmium toxicity and its ameliora tion, ” Ve t e r i n a r y Medicine I nternational , vol. 350-363. 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